SMART Researchers Discover First PLP-dependent Enzyme that Influences Bacterial Protein Production

• Researchers discovered aminovaleramididine synthetase (AvaS), the first pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme involved in tRNA modification, expanding scientific understanding of how RNA shapes the reading of genetic information

• The discovery reveals a previously unknown mechanism that bacteria use to regulate protein production and offers new ways to study bacterial biology and discover future antimicrobial therapeutics

• SMART AMR’s mass spectrometry-based epitranscriptomics platform enabled researchers to discover AvaS and serves as a tool for uncovering other unknown RNA-modifying enzymes and deepening the understanding of how RNA modifications control bacterial survival mechanisms

Singapore, 10 September 2026 –  Researchers from the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology’s (SMART) Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) interdisciplinary research group, alongside collaborators from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Nanyang Technological University (NTU Singapore), and institutions in the United States, Poland, and France, have discovered aminovaleramididine synthetase (AvaS), the first identified pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme responsible for producing a chemical modification linked to how bacteria respond to metabolic stress. This fundamental discovery sheds new light on how bacteria use RNA modification to control protein production, opening new avenues to study bacterial adaptation and identify future targets for antimicrobial therapeutics.

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most pressing global health and development challenges of our time. Bacteria and other pathogens are rapidly developing resistance to existing treatments, making infections harder to treat. Without new approaches, minor inconveniences today, such as routine surgeries or even a paper cut, could become life-threatening tomorrow. Against this backdrop, fundamental discoveries like the identification of AvaS, notably as the first PLP-dependent tRNA-modifying enzyme, offer researchers a critical new lens to study how bacteria survive, adapt, and resist treatment, and can contribute to better strategies for overcoming antimicrobial resistance.

Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics using various strategies, many of which are dependent on the bacteria’s ability to regulate which proteins are made, when they are made, and how accurately they are produced - whether by pumping drugs out of their cell, creating enzymes that break down drugs, or developing new cell processes to avoid the antibiotics’ target.

To build these proteins, bacteria rely on RNA molecules to read genetic instructions and direct protein production. Among these RNA molecules are transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNAs), a specialised class of RNA that acts as molecular delivery vehicles, bringing chemical ‘stickers’ to help bacteria control how proteins are made in response to stress and changing conditions such as exposure to antibiotics.

In a paper titled “Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent biosynthesis of aminovaleramide by AvaS in tRNA”, recently published in Nature Chemical Biology, the researchers described their discovery of a new enzyme, AvaS, and identified it as the enzyme responsible for creating a tRNA chemical modification known as aminovaleramide cytidine (ava²C) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a harmful bacterium responsible for a range of serious human infections such as pneumonia and sepsis. While ava²C had previously been detected in several bacteria and plants, the enzyme responsible for producing this modification was previously unknown.

SMART AMR research team operating the RNA modification profiling platform (Photo credit: SMART AMR)

Using SMART AMR's high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based RNA modification profiling platform, previously reported in Nucleic Acids Research, the team systematically screened thousands of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants and discovered AvaS. The researchers also confirmed the presence of ava²C in other organisms, including the bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii and Vibrio cholerae, as well as the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.

The research revealed that AvaS uses PLP, a vitamin B6 derivative, to convert a known modification, lysidine (k²C), into ava²C; marking the first time that a PLP-dependent enzyme has been linked to tRNA modification. Traditionally, PLP-dependent enzymes have only been associated with amino acid metabolism and related biochemical pathways. 

The research findings revealed a few important insights about PLP-dependent enzymes. First, the discovery establishes PLP-dependent enzymes as a previously unrecognised class of tRNA-modifying enzymes, expanding the known chemical mechanisms, such as methylation, thiolation and isomerisation, that bacteria use to regulate protein production. Second, it reveals an entirely new biological function of PLP-dependent enzymes, demonstrating that they can directly modify tRNA in addition to their well-established roles in metabolic processes.

The research also found that ava²C changes how bacteria read genetic codes, enabling the bacteria to produce protein faster and more efficiently while helping them adapt to metabolic and oxidative stress.

“While many RNA modifications have been known for decades, researchers are still uncovering the full extent of their roles. The discovery of AvaS opens a previously unknown chapter in RNA biology and is an important step forward in our understanding of processes relevant to antimicrobial resistance. As we continue to map the RNA modification landscape, we expect many more discoveries with meaningful implications for infectious disease, antimicrobial resistance, and fundamental biology”, said Prof Peter Dedon, Co-lead Principal Investigator (PI) at SMART AMR, Professor of Biological Engineering at MIT and co-corresponding author of the paper.

“Our discovery has revealed, for the first time, that PLP-dependent enzymes can directly modify tRNA, expanding our knowledge and understanding of RNA-modifying chemistry. This opens up new avenues for studying bacterial adaptation and developing new and more effective strategies to overcome drug-resistant bacteria,” added Dr Jingjing Sun, Research Scientist at SMART AMR, first author and co-corresponding author of the paper.

Building on this discovery, the SMART AMR team plans to investigate how ava²C affects bacterial stress responses and metabolism and explore how the modification can be disrupted or prevented. Understanding this process could uncover new ways to fight harmful bacteria and develop future antimicrobial therapeutics. With ava²C also being observed in plants, future studies could explore whether other living organisms use similar biological tools to produce certain chemical modifications and how ava²C influences the way proteins are built beyond bacteria.

More broadly, this work highlights the strength of SMART AMR’s first-of-its-kind epitranscriptomics platform as a powerful engine in discovering more unknown RNA-modifying enzymes at scale. This capability could also support biotechnology and pharmaceutical researchers in finding new drug targets and developing better treatments, particularly as bacteria continue to develop resistance against existing drug treatments.

The research conducted at SMART is supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF) Singapore under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) programme.